Al Nahw al Waadih: LESSON 3

Lesson 3 from the book An-Nahw al Waadih 

النحو الواضح الدرس الثالث : تقسيم الفعل بإعتبار زمنه Lesson 3 - Dividing the fi'l (verb) according to its time Examples from sentences.

 1- فعل الماضي THE PAST TENSE VERB 

Examples of sentences:

 1. جرى الكلب -the dog ran
 2. وقف الرجل - the man stood up
 3. ضاع الكتاب - the book was lost
 4. دقت الساعة - the clock rang
 5. جاءت البنت - the daughter came
 6.باضت الدجاجة - the hen laid the egg If we look at the sentences above , we see that all of them include an action taking place in a specific time.
All of the verbs highlighted above are in the past tense.

  القاعدة الرابعة : الفعل الماضي هو كل فعل يدل على حصول عمل في الزمن الماضي. 

THE FOURTH PRINCIPLE: Alfi'l almaadi (the past tense verb) is every verb that shows an action taking place in the past.(alzaman almaadi means the past time). 

2- الفعل المضارع THE PRESENT TENSE VERB

1. اغسل يدي - I am washing my hands
 2. ألبس ثيابي - I am putting my clothes on
 3.نلعب بالكرة - we are playing with the ball
 4.نمشي في الحقول - we are walking in the field
 5.ينبح الكلب - the dog is barking
 6. ينتبه الحارس - the guard is alert
 7.تأكل البنت - the girl is eating 8. تذبل الوردة - the rose is blossoming

 The highlighted verbs are all in the present tense or MUDAARI3. In arabic, the action and the person doing the action are put together. so for example in sentence 1 it says AGHSILU which means "I wash" or "I am washing" AGHSILU shows us washing taking place in the present time or the the future. The same for sentence 2, ALBASU THIYYABI "I wash my clothes or I am washing my clothes" shows us an action taking place in the present time (zaman al haadir) or in the mustaqbal(future )If we also look at each of the above sentences, we see that each fi3l(verb) at the start of the sentence begins with either a TAA, YAA, NUN, or HAMZA. تاءً ، ياءً، نوناً، همزة.

 These 4 huruf are known as "ahruf al mudaari'a" أحرف المضارعة

 For sentences 1 and 2 , AGHSILU and ALBASU both have the harf of hamza before them, this makes it singular. So it is one person talking. AGHSILU( I WASH) ALBASU ( I DRESS) For sentences 3 and 4, the NUN in the verbs NAL3AB and NAMSHI signify a group of people talking. SO the NUN corresponds to "WE" in ARABIC. NAMSHI(WE WALK) NAL3AB (WE PLAY) for sentences, 5 and 6, the YAA is talking about a male person. So in sentence 5, YANBAHU means HE IS BARKING and by the end of the sentence , we know who is barking. THE DOG(alkalb) In sentence 6, YANTABIHU means HE IS ALERT and we finish the sentence, we find out who is alert (THE GUARD, al haaris). And in sentences 7 and 8, the TAA is used for feminine terms, So the first sentences reads TA'KUL ALBINT which means (THE GIRL IS EATING). TA'KUL OR تأكل MEANS "SHE IS EATING" In sentence 8, TATHBUL or تذبل means "SHE IS BLOOMING or BLOSSOMING" and this is referring to the warda(the rose). which is a feminine term since it has the feminine TAA at the end.

  القاعدة الخامسة : الفعل المضارع هو كل فعل يدل على حصول عمل في الزمن الحاضر أو المستقبل ولا بد أن يكون مبدوءًا بحرف من أحرف المضارعة وهي الهمزة والنون والياء والتاء . 

THE FIFTH PRINCIPLE: THE PRESENT TENSE VERB IS EVERY VERB THAT SHOWS AN ACTION TAKING PLACE IN THE PRESENT TIME OR IN THE FUTURE AND IT IS NECESSARY THAT IT STARTS WITH ANY HARF OF THE HURUF OF THE PRESENT VERB WHICH ARE: THE ALIF HAMZA, NUN, YAA, AND TAA.

  3-الفعل الأمر THE IMPERATIVE VERB 

1. إلعب بالكرة - Play with the ball.
 2. أطعم قطك - Feed your cat.
 3. نظف ثيابك - Clean your clothes.
 4. نم مبكراً- Sleep early.
 5. تمهل في السير - Slow down in walking.
 6.أجد مضغ الطعام - Chew the food.

 The first words in the above sentences are all verbs(af3aal). because all of them are showing us that an act is taking place in a specific time. And if we look at the sentences we see that the mutakallim(one talking) is seeking something from the mukhaadib(one being talked to) here and is ordering him to do something in the future.For this reason, every verb from amongst these verbs is called "فعل أمر" OR ORDERING VERB(imperative)

  القاعدة السادسة : فعل الأمر هو كل فعل يطلب به حصول شيءٍ في الزمن المستقبل 

The Sixth Principle: The Fi3l al Amr (imperative, commanding verb) is every verb that demands an action to take place in the future.